The “New Look” in Foreign Policy 
President Eisenhower decreased spending on American conventional forces because he believed that defense costs would imperil the economic stability of the nation. Instead, he supplied arms to America’s allies and backed them up with a huge nuclear arsenal. The idea was to create a maximum deterrent at a reduced cost. America’s destructive power became the most awesome in history, even as the Soviets developed vast nuclear capabilities of their own. With only nuclear power as a deterrent and few conventional forces, the administration’s promise of liberating the people of Eastern European nations became impossible. The use of nuclear weapons in an attempt to roll back the iron curtain was out of the question. 

Applying Containment to Vietnam
Like Truman before him, Eisenhower remained committed to containing communism in Asia. He supported the French in their colonial war against Communist rebels in Vietnam. The fall of Vietnam to communism, Eisenhower believed, would trigger a “domino effect” in Asia. Vietnam did eventually fall, leaving the United States to support the division of Vietnam (as in Korea), to enlist more Asian allies (through the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization [SEATO]), and to send weapons and advisers to South Vietnam. Frustrated by the unfulfilled promise of free elections and by the repressive regime of Ngo Dinh Diem, South Vietnamese rebels and peasants supported military raids from the North into the South. When John F. Kennedy became president in 1961, the Vietnam problem was still unresolved. 

Interventions in Latin America and the Middle East
While President Eisenhower continued to support friendly anti-Communist governments in Asia, he aimed to destroy unfriendly governments in Latin America and the Middle East that appeared too leftist and threatened U.S. economic interests. For instance, he authorized the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to orchestrate the overthrow of the leftist government of Guatemala. Then, witnessing the ouster of Cuba’s pro-American dictator and the rise of rebel leader Fidel Castro, Eisenhower developed a plan to train Cuban exiles for an invasion of Cuba. Using the CIA to create behind-the-scenes friction, Eisenhower supported efforts to remove the left-leaning leader of Iran and reestablish the power of the pro-Western shah of Iran. Eisenhower made it clear that the United States would combat communism in the Middle East while attempting to foster friendlier relations with the Arab nations. To his dismay and frustration, he found those countries increasingly nationalistic and unwilling to align themselves solely with one superpower. In March 1957, Congress passed a joint resolution approving economic and military aid to any Middle Eastern nation threatened by anti-Western pressure; under this “Eisenhower Doctrine,” the United States sent aid to Jordan in 1957 and troops to Lebanon in 1958. 

The Nuclear Arms Race 
Although America’s nuclear arsenal increased dramatically in power and size during the 1950s, Dwight Eisenhower attempted to reduce superpower tensions. He met with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev twice—first in Geneva in 1955 and then in Paris in 1960—in an attempt to reduce tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union and promote a spirit of conciliation. Although no significant agreement came from the Geneva meeting or from the Paris conference (which was derailed when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over Soviet territory), both countries benefited from the spirit of accommodation. Competition between the superpowers continued, however, as the Soviets launched their first intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) and the world’s first satellite into space. This Soviet success prompted the United States to devote more money to space research and development, create the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and increase federal aid to education. Americans grew increasingly concerned, however, about the precariousness of their lives in the face of potential nuclear devastation, and as he left office, Eisenhower warned of the growing influence of the military-industrial complex in American government and life. 

Means, The Base. initially started in Afghanistan by Ayman al-Zawahiri after soviet war in Afghanistan and later he was replaced by Osama Bin Laden. 

Their objective is to end the foreign influence on Islamic country and the creation of a new caliphate.

They have been active in Afghanistan, Algeria, Iraq, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia.

b. 911

On that morning, terrorists under al-Qaeda hijacked four commercial passenger jet airliners. The hijackers intentionally crashed two of the airliners into the World Trade Center in New York City, resulting in the collapse of both buildings soon afterward and extensive damage to nearby buildings.The hijackers crashed a third airliner into the Pentagon. The fourth plane crashed into a field near Shanksvillein rural Somerset County, Pennsylvania after passengers and members of the flight crew on the fourth aircraft attempted to retake control of their plane.

casualties:  2,974 fatalities, excluding the 19 hijackers: 246 on the four planes

c. osama bin laden

founder and leader of the Jihadist organization Al-Qaeda.

nvolvement in the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Nairobi, Kenya, and is on the US Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list.

d. Richard B.Cheney

s the forty-sixth and current Vice President of the United States and the President of the United States Senate.

e. clean air act:

 United States environmental policy relating to the reduction of smog(smoke and fog) and air pollution. 

EPA sets limits on how much of a pollutant can be in the air anywhere in the United States. States are not allowed to have weaker pollution controls than those set for the whole country

• 1 National permits program
• 2 Interstate air pollution
• 3 Mobile Source Pollution
• 4 International air pollution
• 5 Leak detection and repair

f. William Jefferson “Bill” Clinton

42nd President of the United States(193-2001). He became president at the end of the Cold War, and as he was born in the period after World War II, is known as the first Baby Boomer president. He is the husband of New York Senator and 2008 Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Rodham Clinton.

 New Democrat and was largely known for the Third Way philosophy of governance that came to epitomize his two terms as president. His policies, on issues such as the North American Free Trade Agreement and welfare reform, have been described as “centrist.” Clinton presided over the longest period of peace-time economic expansion in American history, which included a balanced budget and a reported federal surplus. Based on Congressional accounting rules, at the end of his presidency Clinton reported a surplus of $559 billion. On the heels of a failed attempt at health care reform with a Democratic Congress, for the first time in forty years, Republicans won control of the House of Representatives. In his second term he was impeached by the U.S. House forperjury and obstruction of justice, but was subsequently acquitted by the United States Senate and completed his term.

Clinton left office with an approval rating at 65%, the highest end of office rating of any President since World War II.Since leaving office, Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work.

g: Defense of Marriage Act, or DOMA

expected that at least one state would soon legalize same-sex marriage, whether by legislation orjudicial interpretation of either the state or federal constitution. Opponents of such recognition feared (and many proponents hoped) that the other states would then be required to recognize such marriages under the Full Faith and Credit Clause of the United States Constitution.

one state (Massachusetts) allows same-sex marriage, five states recognize some alternative form of same-sex union, twelve states ban any recognition of any form of same-sex unions including civil union, twenty-six states have adopted amendments to their state constitution prohibiting same sex marriage, and another twenty states have enacted statutory DOMAs.

h. department of homeland security

a Cabinet department of the U.S. federal government with the responsibility of protecting the territory of the U.S. from terrorist attacks and responding to natural disasters.

Department of Homeland Security works in the civilian sphere to protect the United States within, at, and outside its borders.

objective: to prepare for, prevent, and respond to domestic emergencies, particularly terrorism

i. earned income tax credit(EITC)

a refundable tax credit. For tax year 2007, a filer with one qualifying child can receive a maximum credit of $2,853. For two or more qualifying children, the maximum credit is $4,716. Grandparents, aunts, uncles, and siblings can also claim a child as their qualifying child provided they have shared residence with the child for more than half the tax year. However, in tie-breaker situations in which more than one filer actually claims the same child, priority will be given to the parent. A foster child also counts provided the child has been placed officially by an agency or court. There is a much more modest EITC for persons and couples without children that reaches a maximum of $428.

j. family and medical leave act 

 United States labor law allowing an employee to take unpaid leave due to a serious health condition that makes the employee unable to perform his job or to care for a sick family member or to care for a new son or daughter (including by birth, adoption or foster care).

Signed by Bill Clinton to fulfill his promise. 

k. Saddam Hussein 

President of Iraq from July 16, 1979 until April 9, 2003

On June 30, 2004, Saddam Hussein, held in custody by U.S. forces at the U.S. base “Camp Cropper,” along with 11 other senior Baathist leaders, were handed over legally (though not physically) to the interim Iraqi government to stand trial for alleged “crimes against humanity” and other offences.

A few weeks later, he was charged by the Iraqi Special Tribunal with crimes committed against residents of Dujail in 1982, following a failed assassination attempt against him. Specific charges included the murder of 148 people, torture of women and children and the illegal arrest of 399 others. Among the many challenges of the trial were:

• Saddam and his lawyers’ contesting the court’s authority and maintaining that he was yet the President of Iraq.
• The assassinations and attempts on the lives of several of Saddam’s lawyers.
• Midway through the trial, the chief presiding judge was replaced.

On November 5, 2006, Saddam Hussein was found guilty of crimes against humanity and sentenced to death by hanging. Saddam’s half brother, Barzan Ibrahim, and Awad Hamed al-Bandar, head of Iraq’s Revolutionary Court in 1982, were convicted of similar charges as well. The verdict and sentencing were both appealed but subsequently affirmed by Iraq’s Supreme Court of Appeals. On December 30, 2006, Saddam was hanged

l. International Monetary Fund(IMF)

The International Monetary Fund was created in 1944, with a goal to stabilize exchange rates and supervise the reconstruction of the world’s international payment system. Countries contributed to a pool which could be borrowed from, on a temporary basis, by countries with payment imbalances. (Condon, 2007) The IMF describes itself as “an organization of 185 countries (Montenegro being the 185th, as of January 18, 2007), working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty”. With the exception of North Korea, Cuba, Andorra, Monaco, Liechtenstein, Tuvalu, and Nauru, all UN member states participate directly in the IMF. Most are represented by other member states on a 24-member Executive Board but all member countries belong to the IMF’s Board of Governors

m. Kyoto Protocol 

a protocol to the international Framework Convention on Climate Change with the objective of reducing greenhouse gases that cause climate change.

As of November 2007, 175 parties have ratified the protocol. Of these, 36 developed countries (plus the EU as a party in its own right) are required to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the levels specified for each of them in the treaty (representing over 61.6% of emissions from Annex I countries), with three more countries intending to participate. One hundred and thirty-seven (137) developing countries have ratified the protocol, including Brazil, China and India, but have no obligation beyond monitoring and reporting emissions. The United States has not ratified the treaty. Among various experts, scientists and critics there is some debate about the usefulness of the protocol, and there have been cost-benefit studies performed on its usefulness.

n. No child left Behind act

 enacts the theories of standards-based education reform, formerly known as outcome-based education, which is based on the belief that high expectations and setting of goals will result in success for all students. The Act requires states to develop assessments in basic skills to be given to all students in certain grades, if those states are to receive federal funding for schools. NCLB does not assert a national achievement standard; standards are set by each individual state in order to comply with the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which specifies that powers not granted to the federal government or forbidden to state governments are reserved powers of the individual states. The Act also requires that the schools distribute the name, home phone number and address of every student enrolled to military recruiters, unless the student (or the student’s parent) specifically opts out

The effectiveness and desirability of NCLB’s measures are hotly debated. A primary criticism asserts that NCLB could reduce effective instruction and student learning because it may cause states to lower achievement goals and motivate teachers to “teach to the test.” A primary supportive claim asserts that systematic testing provides data that sheds light on which schools are not teaching basic skills effectively, so that interventions can be made to reduce the achievement gap for disadvantaged and disabled students.^[

o. General Manuel Noriega

 former Panamanian general and the military dictator of Panama from 1983 to 1989. He was never officially the president of Panama, but held the post of "chief executive officer" for a brief period in 1989.

Initially a strong ally of the United States, Noriega worked with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) from the late 1950s to the 1980s, and was on the CIA payroll for much of this time, although the relationship had not become contractual until 1967.^[3] By the late 1980s, relations had turned extremely tense between Noriega and the United States government, due to allegations that he was spying for Cuba under Fidel Castro. In 1989 the general was overthrown and captured in the United States invasion of Panama. He was detained as a prisoner of war, and later taken to the United States. In 1992 he was convicted under federal charges of cocaine trafficking, racketeering, and money laundering in Miami, Florida. Sentenced to 40 years in prison (later reduced to 30 years), Noriega is held at the Federal Correctional Institution, Miami, Florida (FCI Miami)

p. Nafta

North American Free Trade Agreement

NAFTA eliminated the majority of trade tax on products traded among the United States, Canada, and Mexico, and gradually phased out other tariffs over a 15-year period. Restrictions were to be removed from many categories, including motor vehicles, computers, textiles, and agriculture. The treaty also protectsintellectual property rights (patents, copyrights, and trademarks), and outlines the removal of investment restrictions among the three countries. The treaty is trilateral in nature; the terms apply equally to all countries, in all areas except agriculture, in which stipulations, tariff reduction phase-out periods, and protection of selected industries, were negotiated on a bilateral basis. Provisions regarding worker and environmental protection were added later as a result of supplemental agreements signed in 1992.

NAFTA was an expansion of the earlier Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement of 1988. It is a treaty under international law, though under United States law, it is classified as acongressional-executive agreement rather than a treaty

*North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation

*North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation

q. Oklahoma City Bombing

omestic terrorist attack on April 19, 1995 aimed at the U.S. government in which the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building was bombed in an office complex in downtown Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The attack claimed 168 lives and left over 800 injured. Until the September 11, 2001 attacks, it was the deadliest act of terrorism on U.S. soil.

r. H. Ross Perot 

an American businessman from Texas, who is best known for seeking the office of President of the United States in 1992 and 1996. Perot founded Electronic Data Systems (EDS) in 1962; sold the company to General Motors in 1984, and founded Perot Systems in 1988.

With an estimated net worth of around $4.4 billion in 2007, he is ranked by Forbes as the 76th-richest person in America.

in 1962 to foundElectronic Data Systems (EDS) in Dallas, Texas, and courted large corporations for his data processing services. Perot was refused 88 times before he got his first contract. EDS received lucrative contracts from the U.S. government in the 1960s, computerizing Medicarerecords. EDS went public in 1968 and the stock price shot up from $16 a share to $160 within days. Fortune called Perot the “fastest, richest Texan” in a 1968 cover story. In 1984, General Motors bought EDS for $2.4 billion.

s. Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act

enacted1996-08-22 is a United States federal law considered to be a fundamental shift in both the method and goal of federal cash assistance to the poor. The bill was a cornerstone of the Republican Contract With America and was introduced by Rep. E. Clay Shaw, Jr. (R-Florida) who believed welfare was partly responsible for bringing immigrants to the United States. Bill Clinton signed PRWORA on August 26, 1996under his promise to “end welfare as we know it”.

PRWORA instituted Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) which became effective July 1, 1997. Replacing Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), which had been in effect since 1935, and supplanting the Job Opportunities and Basic Skills Training (JOBS) program of 1988, TANF was heralded as a “reassertion of America’s work ethic” by the US Chamber of Commerce, largely in response to the bill’s workfare component. Some criticize the bill as a reinstitution of workhouses and believe the new system is ineffective in getting people out of poverty. Although PRWORA has expired, Congress has continued to fund the program until a new bill is enacted

t. General Colin Powell

He was the 65thUnited States Secretary of State (2001-2005), serving under President George W. Bush. He was the first Jamaican American appointed to that position. As a General in the United States Army, Powell also served as National Security Advisor (1987–1989) and asChairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1989–1993), holding the latter position during the Gulf War.

u. Donald H. Rumsfeld

a United States businessman, politician, the 13th Secretary of Defense under PresidentGerald Ford from 1975 to 1977, and the 21st Secretary of Defense under President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2006. He is both the youngest (43 years old) and the oldest (68 years old) person to have held the position, as well as the only person to have held the position for two non-consecutive terms, and the second longest serving, behind Robert McNamara.

Rumsfeld has also served in various positions under President Richard Nixon, served four terms in the United States House of Representatives, and served as United States Ambassador to NATO. Rumsfeld was an aviator in the United States Navy between 1954 and 1957 before transferring to the Reserve. In public life, he has also served as an official in numerous federal commissions and councils. ABCand BBC news consider Rumsfeld to be the most controversial defense secretary in US history.

v. Kenneth Starr

an American lawyer and former judge who was appointed to the Office of the Independent Counsel to investigate the suicide death of the deputy White House counsel Vince Foster and the Whitewater land transactions by PresidentBill Clinton. He later submitted to Congress the Starr Report, which led to Clinton’s impeachment on charges arising from the Monica Lewinsky scandal. He currently serves as dean of Pepperdine University School of Law in Malibu, California.

w. Taliban

 Sunni Islamist and Pashtun nationalist movement that ruled most of Afghanistan from 1996 until 2001, when their leaders were removed from power by a cooperative military effort between the Northern Alliance and NATO countries. Committed fundamentalist insurgents, often described as “Taliban” in the media, originating in the Frontier Tribal Areas of Pakistan, are currently engaged in a protracted guerrilla war against the current government of Afghanistan, allied NATO forces participating in Operation Enduring Freedom, and the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force.

The Taliban movement was headed by Mullah Mohammed Omar. Beneath Mullah Omar were “a mixture of former small-unit military commanders and Madrasah(islamic school) teachers” and then a rank and file most of whom had studied in Islamic religious schools inPakistan. The overwhelming majority of Taliban movement were ethnic Pashtuns from southern Afghanistan and western Pakistan, along with a smaller number of volunteers from elsewhere, for example Europe or China. The Taliban received valuable training, supplies and arms from the Pakistani government, particularly the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), and many recruits fromMadrasahs for Afghan refugees in Pakistan, primarily ones established by the Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam JUI.

Although in control of Afghanistan’s capital (Kabul) and much or most of the country for five years, the Taliban regime, or “Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan,” gained diplomatic recognition from only three states: Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. Human rights abuses denied it United Nations recognition and most of the world’s states, including Iran, India, Turkey, Russia, USA and most Central Asian republics opposed the Taliban and aided its rival (Afghan Northern Alliance).

While in power, the Taliban implemented the “strictest interpretation of Sharia law ever seen in the Muslim world,” and became notorious internationally for their alleged mistreatment of women. Women were forced to wear the burqa in public. They were allowed neither to work nor to be educated after the age of eight, and until then were permitted only to study the Qur’an. Women seeking an education were forced to attend underground schools, where they and their teachers risked execution if caught. They were not allowed to be treated by male doctors unless accompanied by a male family member or husband, which led to illnesses remaining untreated. They faced public flogging in the street, and both men and women faced public execution for violations of the Taliban’s laws.

Clarence Thomas

American jurist and has been an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Statessince 1991. He is the second African American to serve on the nation’s highest court, after Justice Thurgood Marshall. Appointed byRepublican President George H. W. Bush, Thomas’s career in the Supreme Court has seen him take a conservative approach to cases while adhering to the postulates of originalism

Patriot Act

Uniting and Strengthening America by ProvidingAppropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001

The act expands the authority of US law enforcement agencies for the stated purpose of fighting terrorism in the United States and abroad. Among its provisions, the Act increases the ability of law enforcement agencies to search telephone, e-mail communications, medical, financial and other records; eases restrictions on foreign intelligence gathering within the United States; expands the Secretary of the Treasury’s authority to regulate financial transactions, particularly those involving foreign individuals and entities; and enhances the discretion of law enforcement and immigration authorities in detaining and deporting immigrantssuspected of terrorism-related acts. The act also expands the definition of terrorism to include domestic terrorism, thus enlarging the number of activities to which the USA Patriot Act’s expanded law enforcement powers can be applied.

world Trade Organization

The World Trade Organization (WTO), (OMC - French: Organisation mondiale du commerce, Spanish: Organización Mundial del Comercio), is an international organization designed to supervise and liberalize international trade. The WTO came into being on January 1,1995, and is the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which was created in 1948, and continued to operate for almost five decades as a de facto international organization.

The World Trade Organization deals with the rules of trade between nations at a near-global level; it is responsible for negotiating and implementing new trade agreements, and is in charge of policing member countries’ adherence to all the WTO agreements, signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. Most of the WTO’s current work comes from the 1986-94 negotiations called the Uruguay Round, and earlier negotiations under the GATT. The organization is currently the host to new negotiations, under theDoha Development Agenda (DDA) launched in 2001.

The WTO is governed by a Ministerial Conference, which meets every two years; a General Council, which implements the conference’s policy decisions and is responsible for day-to-day administration; and a director-general, who is appointed by the Ministerial Conference. The WTO’s headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland.

　　说来真是心酸啊。“我高我曾我祖父，艾杀蓬蒿来此土”，这样一代一代传下来，容易吗？逢年过节让祖宗享受多一点好一点，实在是太应该了。再苦不能苦孩子，再穷不能穷祖宗，清明拜祭总得体面些才是。怎奈子孙不肖，愧对先人，不比人家家大业大手脚大，更不比有些地方政府公祭手笔大，只能凑合着是个意思了。用贾宝玉的话说就是，祭品“虽微，聊以达诚申信”。鲁迅先生也在遗嘱里说，“不要做任何关于纪念的事情”，“忘记我，管自己生活。———倘不，那就真是糊涂虫”。谁说鲁迅“一个也不宽恕”呢？我看他就很能理解一众艰难讨生活的人。

　　诚然，我们中国人讲究“慎终追远”，又强调“祭如在，祭神如神在”，对地下的亲人绝不能敷衍了事，但我们同样也知道，“仓廪实而知礼节，衣食足而知荣辱”，袋里没钱，就是想风光也难啊。以往物价不这么亢奋的时候，虽然在献给祖宗的祭品上也能看出一点贫富差距，但毕竟没有这般难为情。现在CPI高高在上，不问人间疾苦，连带阴间也受影响。此时此刻，叫人如何不想起伟大领袖的《念奴娇·昆仑》：安得倚天抽宝剑，把汝裁为三截，一截遗欧，一截赠美，一截还东国。太平世界，环球同此凉热。只是这里要裁的不是昆仑山，而是CPI.

　　不过即便真得了那把宝剑，把CPI裁为三截，似乎也不好把其中的两截送给欧美诸国。有报道说，近日国际米价创20年来最高，香港地区都发生抢米风潮了。作为负责任的大国，怎能把高企的物价向外转移？所有问题都一个人扛吧。当然也有利好，专家说中国有足够能力买大米，内地米价不会大波动，并且还会帮助解决港澳同胞的“米袋子”问题。知足并自豪着吧。

　　□游有方

Such choices are not allowed, but there is a right of appeal.

The list came as a response to the growing number of Malaysians who are applying to change their birth names.

Malaysia’s National Registration Department made the decision after consulting with various religious bodies in the country.

They represented the country’s Muslim, Christian, Hindu, Buddhist and Taoist communities.

Traditionally, some groups have given newborns inauspicious names to ward off demons and evil spirits.

Further restrictions

Now names like the Hokkien Chinese Ah Chwar, meaning snake, and Khiow Khoo, meaning hunchback, are being ruled out.

So too are Cantonese monikers Chow Tow, meaning smelly head, and Sor Chai, meaning insane.

Members of Malaysia’s Tamil community will be discouraged from using the likes of Karrupusamy (black god), and Malays from trying names like Woti, meaning sexual intercourse.

But the ban extends further.

Parents will not be able to call their babies after animals, insects, fruit, vegetables or colours.

Numbers are also not allowed, so little James Bonds cannot flaunt their 007 status on their ID cards.

Other restrictions stop parents giving children royal or honorary titles as names or calling their little ones after Japanese cars.

as an author she brought the understanding of her tribe to mainstream through her books, Rosebud Yellow Robe produced several award winning books at the American Indian Art Exhibit and listed on Texas Bluebonnet Award List for 1981. her work included An Album of the American Indian, Tonweya and the Eagles and other Lakota Indian Tales. She also narrated prologue for The Silent Enemy. These stories are told by her father to her .

As an Educator, Rosebud Yellow Rope passed the knowledge of American Indian by word of mouth at public libraries after she was married to Alfred Frantz and moved to New York City. she also lectured in schools and media specials. in her work, she brought her first experience of the culture and knowledge of native American to her audiences. She was also involved in numerous social activities related to Native American culture during World War 2. 

Yellow Robe, Rosebud’s contribution to humanity was recognized in 1989 when W.H. Over State Museum in- conjunction with South Dakota Historical Society held Yellow Robe Day and University of South Dakota Commencement Day. She was also awarded Doctor of Humane Letters. However, her commitment was recognize much earlier during he high school, when she performed American Indian dance for Strollers. She also had the honor to present the President Calvin Coolidge with full feather headdress when she was just 20 years old. 

Yellow Rosebud’s contributed her life for her culture and her give to the society of Native American was significant. 

Researching and study of Yellow Robe, Rosebud has helped me understand the culture of Native American and the struggle of the culture that has been going on for decades. 

through her story I found that she did not come from a rich and powerful family but nevertheless, being the great grand niece of Sitting Bull and Iron Plume and daughter of Chauncey Yellow Robe, is her family background has helped her realized the struggle of the culture of Native American.

I, Ian Leong ( 870319-07-5215 ) hereby authorize Miss Chee May Lin ( 860810-35-5058 ) to collect my certificate for Diploma in Business Study from Disted Stamford College.

I am in now in the United States of America and I will not be able to return to Malaysia in a short period of time. I will need my certificate for application for academic advancement purpose in the coming months. 

Thank you 

Yours Truly, 

IanLeong

17 Jalan Gajah 

11200 TanJung Bungah 

Penang, Malaysia

a) Describe your accomplishments, in terms of speech preparation and delivery.
Having experienced of giving 4 speeches I came to recognized types of speeches and different approach to the writing and preparation of the speech.
I have also recognized different approach and delivery of different types of speeches and I am now able to deliver my speech with a comfortable pace and not nervous.
I am also tying to concentrate on my pace, visual aid, eye contact and speech at the same time as I have always forget about one of the aspect during my speech due to nervousness.

b) In what ways did you incorporate instructor and peer evaluations to your subsequent speech preparation? Did you find the instructor/peer feedback to be accurate? helpful?
i found that instructor and peer evaluations is accurate and helpful, although I also think that fellow classmates tried to gives me positive feedbacks more than negative ones, I sincerely appreciate it and it is a motivation for me hence, knowing that, I always try to improve my weakness that was indicated in the feedbacks.

c) When the course ends, what will be your focus with regard to becoming a more effective speaker?
Having learned about speech in the classroom helped me increase my confident and ensure that I am doing the right thing according to theory from the book.
however, I understand that being an effective speaker requires a lot of preparation. Preparation with guideline from what I have learned from the course is what I will focus on during my future speech.

d) How will you apply your experiences in Fundamentals of Speech to future classes, and to life, in general?
I will apply my experiences in Fundamentals of Speech to my life in future by helping me in interpersonal communication.
I will apply the experience to help me structure my speech and use suitable words to communicate with my peers and other people in general.

Your written response should be at least 250 words, but no more than 500 words.

1. Completeness of Summary:

After researching on the internet and some other material I found that Frank Lloyd Wright is the Greatest architect of the 20th century.

as an architect, not only Frank Lloyd Wright built beautiful yet functional buildings that over time has become landmark and also taken as a benchmark for the industry, he has also build powerful house of thoughts and his lifestyle has signify the politics and culture of abundance during that period. in the 1950s to 1960s, military spending helped stimulate domestic prosperity for the US and put many people in service industry and Frank Lloyd Wright exemplifies the best of it.

Also during the period, 60% of the population was categorized as middle class and 20% as rich and poverty respectively this has called on the talent of Frank Lloyd Wright as an architect. he has more than 1000 projects which more than 500 projects was actually built, this demand has signify the prosperity of the period from 1950 to 1960. Organic architecture was the original style of Frank Lloyd Wright and he has believe strongly in his personal style that was shown as early as late 1800s when he designed bootleg houses for some Adler and Sullivan Clients. the Same style made him well known to the extend of being the same level as Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusie in the architecture scene in Europe.

Frank Lloyd Wright’s unique house of thought has made him an educator and a famous philosopher. he has lectured in US and also Europe, as a philosopher, he also has written books and numerous articles. His view of the society as a “Mob” and thinks of the society as a follower for media and generally do not have their own opinion however he believed in the new generation at the period and thought that fans of Frank Lloyd Wright will inherit that country. His philosophy was much respected by his students and fans but much disliked by many at the same time.

He was also arrogant but in that way, he has always believed in what he believed. in an interview during his 80s, he stated that he spells god with an”N”, Nature.

2. Explaining how this work the reader develop a new perspective or modify an older view of American History:

After Reading and researched about Frank Lloyd Wright, I would like to say that it has enhanced my view of the history in certain aspect and modified my view of American History to a certain extend. By watching an interview of Mr Frank Lloyd Wright by Mike Wallace, i realized that Frank Lloyd Wright was against war as he mentioned in the interview that he is not for the war therefore he is not for the warrior when asked about the American Legion. it changed developed a view that not all American is for the war even before the Vietnam War which started in 1959(the interview took time in 1957).

Frank Lloyd Wright also helped me understand that America disfavored communism and not the people in a communist country, as he wrote an article titled Soviet Russia Today. It explains the spirit of Russian and the freedom in the country which was experienced by Frank Lloyd Wright himself during his visit to Russia. this article was read by President Roosevelt and positively commented it.

3. Citing section of the textbook where the use of this material could add depth to the understanding of the American human experience:

After researching on the internet and some other material I found that Frank Lloyd Wright is the Greatest architect of the 20th century. 

as an architect, not only Frank Lloyd Wright built beautiful yet functional buildings that over time has become landmark and also taken as a benchmark for the industry, he has also build powerful house of thoughts and his lifestyle has signify the politics and culture of abundance during that period. in the 1950s to 1960s, military spending helped stimulate domestic prosperity for the US and put many people in service industry and Frank Lloyd Wright exemplifies the best of it.

Also during the period, 60% of the population was categorized as middle class and 20% as rich and poverty respectively this has called on the talent of Frank Lloyd Wright as an architect. he has more than 1000 projects which more than 500 projects was actually built, this demand has signify the prosperity of the period from 1950 to 1960. Organic architecture was the original style of Frank Lloyd Wright and he has believe strongly in his personal style that was shown as early as late 1800s when he designed bootleg houses for some Adler and Sullivan Clients. the Same style made him well known to the extend of being the same level as Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusie in the architecture scene in Europe. 

Frank Lloyd Wright’s unique house of thought has made him an educator and a famous philosopher. he has lectured in US and also Europe, as a philosopher, he also has written books and numerous articles. His view of the society as a “Mob” and thinks of the society as a follower for media and generally do not have their own opinion however he believed in the new generation at the period and thought that fans of Frank Lloyd Wright will inherit that country. His philosophy was much respected by his students and fans but much disliked by many at the same time.

He was also arrogant but in that way, he has always believed in what he believed. in an interview during his 80s, he stated that he spells god with an”N”, Nature. 

today, i will talk about oil. and i am guessing that this is not the newest topic. i even think that it is getting a little boring because it is an on going chronology of events that has been going on for decades.

i have researched for almost one year on the topic and being an economics and finance major i would like to analyst the ending of this story. as it is pretty much predictable and most of all, US as the largest consumer of oil can conveniently save more fuel than the OPEC or Saudi can produce it. 

yesterday i went to church and my pastor said let God deal with it but i’ve already done half my speech so let’s look why we want to save oil and we want to do it immediately 

with today’s achievement in science and technology and high oil price, made using less oil .  

cheaper and easier to achieve than to import more oil. a lot of companies are reducing their energy intensity and as shown by statistic, getting their money back in around 3 years which is PROFITABLE.

the US economic, competitiveness and national security is becoming more dependable when the use of oil increases. according to Rocky Mountain Institution US as a nation consumes 26% of the world oil production produces 9% but only owns 2%.

We spend 120 billions per year to import oil and roughly another 50 billions per year to for Persian Gulf intervention readiness during the peace time. 

and how do we fix that?

i would say implementation of alternative fuel and fuel efficient technology in automobile making and other industry. 

i think everyone would agree with Dean Kamen, the inventor of Segway. that 95% of the fuel power is used to transport the car that is roughly 4000 pound and the other 5% is to transport the driver which is around 200 pound. 

and and 

part of the 5% is lost to aerodynamic drag, idling loss, heating the engine, to power the accessories and breaking resistance of the vehicle. so only 2% of the gas is used to transport the driver from one place to another.

full implementation of hybrid vehicle will cost 90 billion but it will create 1million jobs and curb 1/6 of the oil use which is around 45 billion$ per year by 2025.

and US can also substitute the some oil use with biofuel that’s based on crops like poplar which will not interfere with food-crop production. 

automakers from japan, europe and even china has already invested a considerable amount in this hybrid vehicle and biofuel research. 

finally i would like to say that it is achievable. and in-fact it has been done before.

according to www.oilendgame.com during 1977 to 1985 US economy grew 27% while oil use fell 17% 

during that time, US cut import of oil from persian gulf by 87%

so for the global competitiveness, economic, national security or younger generation, this is what we want to do. 

thank you.